Charlie Kaufman was famous as a screenwriter before he became a director with Synecdoche, New York. One could argue that he was the true creative force behind the films he wrote, even if he didn't direct them (Being John Malkovich, Adaptation, Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind).
Ben Hecht was a pretty famous screenwriter in Hollywood, notably for the original Scarface and Hitchcock's Notorious. Robert Towne, who wrote Chinatown, is well-known. Paul Schrader, who wrote Taxi Driver, is also well-known.
But most screenwriters who actually become famous are also directors, like Ingmar Bergman, Billy Wilder, Woody Allen, the Coen brothers, etc.
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